Differences Between Ontological And Epistemological...

Different epistemologies? So far it seems that there are differences in questions the two research methods answer. It is necessary now to consider whether they imply different epistemologies, as this is often argued to be the case. For example, Schwartz-Shea and Yanow (2002: 480) claim that while qualitative-quantitative dichotomy is erroneous because both count and interpret, they do so with different understandings of what this means for their study and knowledge, and that â€Å"The more appropriate taxonomy today would be one that reflects differences in ontological and epistemological presuppositions†. For Yilmaz (2013: 312), quantitative research strictly has an objectivist epistemology and qualitative research a constructivist one.†¦show more content†¦First, ethnographies emphasise the point of view of the actor. However, as Becker (1996: 57-8) argues, this a technical rather than an epistemological point. All researchers need to interpret actions and guess meanings. What separates quan titative questionnaires and ethnography is only that ethnographers demand more accuracy in interpretation. But as Becker (1996: 59) notes, ‘†don’t make up what you could find out† hardly requires being dignified as an epistemological or philosophical position’. Second, as Bryman (1984) discusses, it is sometimes argued based on epistemologies that one research method is better than another because it revealed something that another one did not when asking the same questions. Yet there is no logic here in knowing which result is correct, and even if there was, the question being the same, we can only conclude that the research method suited the question better. Third, it is also argued that the epistemologies differ because qualitative research is exploratory and quantitative verify these explorations. This, however, in fact suggests same epistemological assumptions, because then to actually know anything that qualitative research suggests, quantitativ e verification is needed. Thus, to re-emphasise, this essay argues with Martin Trow (1957: 33) that â€Å"different kinds of information about man and society are gathered most fully and economically inShow MoreRelatedConflict Between Believer And The Unbeliever1085 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral agreement concerning every scientific investigation, which should proceed in full consciousness from a specific starting point that in theology is the ontological Trinity. Kuyper acknowledges that around the epistemological investigation of the phenomena, there is a particular area of common territory without methodological dispute between the believer and the unbeliever. Thus, according to Kuyper’s view, there are three territories in which both the believers and unbelievers’ interpretationRead MoreIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives on the relationship between mind and body, and God and free will. Maria, there is no fast way to explain all of this as this takes time, so please brace yourself as I hope to provide you with a better understanding of the agreements/similarities and disagreements/differences between the two philosophers’. Similarities Descartes and Spinoza do relate with one another in some instances but they have very few similarities between making the connection between mind and body. Their shared viewsRead More Philosophy for Children Essay3725 Words   |  15 Pagespromoting critical thinking and encouraging an obligation to ones fellow inquirer. As such the concept of COI attempts to address contemporary challenges to education to produce better thinkers and more caring members of society who can tolerate differences at the same time they can submit conflicts to reasonable scrutiny. In a COI all participants must respect one another as thoughtful persons who seek communally to better understand the issue at hand. In describing the COI as central to philosophicalRead MoreIs Medicine A Ethical?3350 Words   |  14 Pageseducation it has long been held that the child negotiates a series of stages before reaching the mature status of an adult. Recent theory has reflected critically on the various posited developmental schema, which are now regarded less commonly as ontological stages through which a child inevitably passes, with privileged and clearly defined goals at the end. Rather, they are understood as logical types representing alternative modalities or structures of interaction which can cohere simultaneously inRead MoreEssay on A Philosophy of the Impersonal5155 Words   |  21 Pagesassert the value of human life as such. Leaving aside differences in ideology as well as specifically staked-out theoretical positions, no one doubts the relevance of the category of person or challenges it as the unexamined and incontrovertible presupposition of every possible perspective. This tacit conv ergence with regard to the category of person is especially obvious in a hotly debated field like bioethics. Truth be told, the debate between Catholics and secularists turns on the precise momentRead MoreThe Last Samurai: Hollywood and Orientalism2947 Words   |  12 Pagesin nature; composed by people who write, teach, and research on the â€Å"orient.† (Said, 1978, 4) Secondly, â€Å"Orientalism is also a style of thought based on an ontological and epistemological distinction between â€Å"Orient† and more often than not the â€Å"Occident† (Said, 1978, 5). In other words, Orientalism creates, through the binary opposition between the East and West, a means for dealing and understanding the Orient, and western self-understanding through opposing itself against the â€Å"Other.† (Said, 1978Read MoreLeadership in a Community9896 Words   |  40 Pagessimilarity can be recognized among sectors; yet at what point is there an epistemological/ontological flaw? McCauley and Hughes give their impression: Because the nonprofit sector has some unique characteristics, we cannot necessarily generalize research results on corporate managers to managers in this sector. Nonprofit organizations missions, governance structures, funding sources, and reliance on volunteers create differences in their internal dynamic and external relationships.3 This generalizedRead MorePhenomenological: Qualitative Research and Research Methodology9542 Words   |  39 Pagesagainst empiricism, as it is more than merely empirical. Giorgi (1997, p. 236) Giorgi (1995) discusses what phenomenology can offer the science of psychology. He describes qualitative inquiry techniques as arising in reaction to a discrepancy between the natural scientific framework (adopted by psychologists as being the only scientific framework that is considered useful), and the essential characteristics of human phenomena as they spontaneously unfold in everyday life. He argues that becauseRead MoreRegulation Standardising Accounting Practice8632 Words   |  35 Pagesframework by the professional bodies. In Australia much of the thrust for regulation has been captured by the law – CLERP. To date there has been an attempt to integrate professional and legal regulation of the discipline with considerable cooperation between those involved. There was, in the United States in the 1920s, in keeping with the spirit of the times, tremendous optimism leading to the widespread purchasing of shares (stock) in companies. Shares were purchased like many other commodities ratherRead MoreBourdieu What Makes A Social Class7818 Words   |  32 PagesWhat Makes a Social Class? On The Theoretical and Practical Existence Of Groups* By Pierre BoQrdieu It would be easy and tempting to deride the topic of this symposium and to uncover the presuppositions it conceals under its apparent neutrality. But if you will allow me just one criticism of the way it formulates the question of social class, it is that it misleads one to believe that this problem can be reduced to a simple choice and resolved by a few common-sense arguments. In fact, behind the

Is Vaccines A Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder - 1257 Words

Precious or Poisonous: A Choice All Parents Must Make â€Å"Ever since the smallpox vaccine in 1798 there has been an argument over the safety, effectiveness and morality of vaccinations† (Immunization Action Timeline). In 2015 we have progressed as far as to find a vaccine for Ebola, however, the controversy still continues. In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. Many other states also allow their residents to refuse vaccines for religious and philosophical reasons (National Vaccine Information Center). Because states allow people to refuse vaccines, there is a chance that epidemics and vaccine prevented diseases could return. Many people question the safety of vaccines, therefore they refuse them. Most popular is the idea that vaccines can be a cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, states that this is false. The CDC repeatedly says that there is no link between these two. There have been studies showing that the ingredients in vaccines are not the cause of Autism. â€Å"One vaccine ingredient that has been studied specifically is thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative used to prevent contamination of multidose vials of vaccines. Research shows that thimerosal does not cause ASD† (Centers for Disease Control). â€Å"The most recent Cochrane systematic review of research on the MMR vaccine included six self-controlled case series studies, two ecological studies, one case crossover trial,Show MoreRelatedIs Vaccines A Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder?1179 Words   |  5 PagesMake â€Å"Ever since the smallpox vaccine in 1798 there has been an argument over the safety, effectiveness and morality of vaccinations† (Immunization Action Timeline). In 2015 we have progressed as far as to find a vaccine for Ebola but the controversy still continues. In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. Many other states also allow their residents to refuse vaccines for religious and philosophical reasons (National Vaccine Information Center). Because statesRead MoreMmr Vaccine Can Cause Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2192 Words   |  9 Pageseradicated by the use of vaccinations. Although vaccines are said to reduce the chance of receiving certain infections or diseases, controversial ideas believe that the MMR vaccine can cause autism spectrum disorder. Autism is a developmental disorder that impairs communication and interaction; it has no confirmed cause. Usually, a child begins to show signs of autism around 12 to 18 months, which is also the same age when a child receives the MMR vaccine. Because of this correlation, apprehensive parentsRead MoreAutism Is A Brain Based Disorder Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesAutism is a brain based disorder that causes social-communication challenges. Autism is often diagnosed when children are very young. They can be diagnosed as early as 18 months according to the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Many expecting parents will prepare for a pregnancy by the usual healthy diet to make sure that they have a healthy baby, however, many children are still getting diagnosed with autism every day. There is a statistic stated on the Autism Spectrum Disorder that about 1 in every 68Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders784 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction across contexts, four symptoms of restrictedRead MoreVaccines And Its Effect On Health Care1163 Words   |  5 Pages The introduction of vaccines has been a great advancement in the world of medicine. This ground- breaking discovery has a tremendous effect on health care by putting an end to diseases that might otherwise be untreatable. Diseases such as typhoid, whooping cough, and polio which threaten many countries worldwide are now preventable after the discovery of the vaccine. Although the development of vaccines has led to the prevention o f deadly illnesses, there has been may controversy based on whetherRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1280 Words   |  6 PagesComposition 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder â€Å"Autism is a neurological disorder. It s not caused by bad parenting. It s caused by an abnormal development in the brain. The emotional circuits in the brain are abnormal. And there also are differences in the white matter, which is the brain s computer cables that hook up the different brain departments† â€Å"Temple Grandi†BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2015. 30 April 2015. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/templegran451380.html. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)Read MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1502 Words   |  7 Pagesby a disorder that affects the very things we need to fit in to society. The ability to be able to fit in, communicate and behave in proper ways, allows us to function, work and survive in life. For many children and adults, they live with a disorder that dictates these behaviors and language skills to be very different from the average American. These skills they are challenged with, make it very difficult to live independ ently. The disorder these individuals live with is called Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1261 Words   |  6 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD)  is a serious  disorder  which affects the child’s neurological and behavior functions and may cause different levels of disability. Autism is a regressive neurodevelopment disorder that impacts social interactions, verbal and nonverbal, as well as negative behaviors. It is a disorder that is connected to abnormal biology and chemistry within the brain. Also, autism appears within the first three years of life. A child can seem developmentally normal and meeting all milestonesRead MoreVaccinations For Common Illnesses And Disease Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesvaccination came about when the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccines were all combined (Cave 54). After the release of this new vaccination, the number of kids being diagnosed with autism rose tremendously. Some people were very interested in t his sudden spike of autistic children and decided to follow up on it. Many studies were done to see if there was any correlation between the MMR vaccination and the increasing diagnosis of children with autism. Some findings contradict one another. What I believeRead MoreA Research Topic On Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Topic: NEW 9-28-16 Ariel Robinson Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Currently, scientists do not know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be influenced by genetic

Public Policy Pharmaceutical Industry

Question: Discuss about the Public Policy for Pharmaceutical Industry. Answer: Introduction: The use of professional judgment in the adoption of policies and measurements are vital for preparation of the financial statement. It is important to exercise a degree of caution for determining the actual assets and income which are not overstated whereas expenses and liabilities are not understated (Almandoz and Tilcsik 2015). Generally, an accounting transaction is recognized when an entity obtains services or goods. In other words, the transaction is recognized as an expense or liability when cash is being settled. However the profit often overstated when entity finds difficult to encounter the possible obligations whose existence may be observed from the unfavorable economic conditions but their amount cannot be measured reliably or settlement is not probable. Thus contingent liabilities are not recognized which may be the potential cause of the overstated profits because an accountant failed to take into account the probable expenses while recording the list of operational act ivities. By overstating inventory, on the other hand, the company can inflate the cost of inventory (Devi 2015). This indicates that the actual cost is below the ascertained value. While perpetual inventory method, it is very difficult to monitor the tracking movements and thus the losses in inventory does not detect. Thus, the company may suffer overstating inventory at the end of the reporting period by the associated cost of lost inventory. There are other ways way in which the potential future environment impact of production and thus, overstate inventory leads to profits being overstated. Based on the given approach, the overstating of the profits is often done in order to compensate with the future liabilities, which may need to be sorted for the company. Hence, in this case the overstating of the profit of the company has been directly seen with the relevance of the accounting of the future liabilities. The different type of the other factors, which has led to the overstating of the profit, has been evident in form of the liabilities, which might occur from the future warranty costs. The main implication on the overstating of the profits of the company has been seen in form of taking into account the full cost related to the various types of the operational activities of the business. The rationale for this has been further seen in terms of the benefits related to cover the potential environmental impact (Rassier 2016). It might be possible that due to economic crisis there, the company is facing production crunch, hence the overstatement of the profits will act as a lucrative option for the investors even during the situation of economic downturn. In several cases, the companies are seen to be negligent on part of taking into account the various types of the cost related to the operational activities. This is also directly relevant to the different types of the manufacturing and the production activities taken by the company. As the profits are overstated the company will be automatically be able to compensate for the inclusion of these costs (Lexchin 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that if the corporation overstates its profit it will also lead to the overstatement of gross profit and net income. Along with this, current assets, retained earnings, total assets and equity of stockholder are all related to the financial ratios. Overstatement of the gross profit and net income leads to the overstatement of the inventory and then not enough of the cost of goods sold are available. It is worth mentioning that the higher the amount of the net income represents that the reported amount of retained earnings and stockholders equity is also high (Deegan 2013). Therefore, the overstated amount of the inventory after the end of the financial year turns into the beginning inventory in the following financial year. In the following year the period of cost of goods sold will also be high and will ultimately lead to lower reporting of the gross profit and net income. However, the retained earnings and the other balance sheet amounts will be corrected at the end of the second reporting period. When it is found that the reported amount is overstated it represents that the financial amount reported is incorrect and the amount reported by the company is more than the true or correct amount (Nobes 2014). It is important to denote that management teams often take accounting estimates that are subjected to several incentives. This could lead them to overstatement of the financial performance as an overstated financial accounting statement could help in avoiding the negative consequences of reporting poor performance. References Almandoz, J. and Tilcsik, A., 2015. When experts become liabilities: Domain experts on boards and organizational failure. Academy of Management Journal, pp.amj-2013. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Devi, R.U., 2015. Creative accounting practices-Its Pros Cons: An analysis. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 5(1), pp.40-52. Lexchin, J., 2016.Private Profits versus Public Policy: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Canadian State. University of Toronto Press. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Rassier, D.G., 2016. Fair Value Accounting and Measures of US Corporate Profits for Financial Institutions.

Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics

Introduction Ethics in workplace is a leadership issue that has raised concerns in the recent past. An organization depends on its employees in order to achieve its desired results. In order to do this, employees must be ethical in their actions and ensure that they work as per the expectations that are stipulated by the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to McCarthy Eastman (2010, p. 25), ethics refers to a standard behavior that is acceptable within a given setting. These scholars say that although ethics may be considered as being universal, there are some cases where ethics may differ. This means that what one organization considers as ethical behavior may be unethical in another organization. Besides the need to motivate employees, one of the most important issues that a manager always tries to inculcate on the ir employees is ethics. When employees embrace ethical behavior, they can follow instruction given without any deviation (Taborda 2011, p. 87). Through ethics, employees will stay away from such unethical practices as pilferage that affects a firm negatively. Customer service also needs ethics in order to ensure that customers are served in a satisfactory and respectful manner. There has been an argument of how best ethics can be inculcated among employees. According to Daft (2009, p. 41), ethics is not something that can be forced into an employee. It is fear that can be generated when the management decides to use punitive measures against those employees who go against the set laws. However, Bird (2007, p. 220) says that fear is not a form of ethics, because when this fear is eliminated, then such an employee would be involved in unethical behavior with impunity. Eliminating fear at workplace can be an easy task for regular employees. They only need to understand the system and c hannels through which their unethical behavior can be detected. Once this is clear, then they can easily avoid paths that may make them prone to being caught. As Sharma (2008, p. 55) says, ethics is something that should be in the mind of people. It should be a responsibility of the person. It is because of this that the researcher is interested in determining the influence of formal cultural systems on promotion of ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion Arguments about Formal Cultural System According to Sirkin, Keenan and Jackson (2005, p. 67), organizational culture is gaining popularity at a very fast rate in the current corporate world. The competition in the corporate world has become very stiff, and many firms are trying to find a way of making their products unique in the market. To achieve this, many firms have realized that the best thing to do is to develop a cultu re that is unique to itself. Organizational culture refers to the practices and the general conduct that all members of the organization are expected of when dealing with members of the organization and with customers (DeAnne, Gary, Hyde Tipping 2004, p. 78). It also involves the manner in which employees will address any task assigned to them, and how they should relate to the environment. The main reason why firms are always keen on developing organizational culture is to develop a system that would enable employees work without feeling that they are forced with instruction. It creates an environment where employees understand their responsibilities and appreciates the importance of accomplishing the assigned tasks without close monitoring. It also eliminates constant supervision from the top management. Kratschmer (2011, p. 26) says that employees always deliver more when they are allowed to work without feeling intimidated. Supervision creates this intimidation, and the output of an employee is always very poor when they work under such intimidation. However, Basslin (1990, p. 78) says that employees cannot be allowed to work without any close monitoring in order to ensure that they are within the right track. For a long time, managements struggled with the idea of finding the best way to monitor activities of employees without making them realize that they were being monitored. This was not an easy task until some scholars came up with organizational culture. This culture allows managers to make employees not only understand what they are expected to do but also memorize all the procedures involved in handling the tasks and how to make relevant report. Organizational culture enables the management to ensure that employees work as expected without any direct supervision. It also helps in creating responsibility among the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The culture will always make employees understand that the organization is a system. In this system, they are the individual drivers that must work together in order to make this system run. The employees will understand their position within the system, and the possible consequence that the system may be subjected to when they fail to do their part. They will therefore, feel responsible, as they would need to help this system achieve its objectives by constantly delivering their input. To the management, their task will be reduced to finding ways of improving service delivery of the system and ensuring that the employees are constantly motivated. This culture must be made formal. According to Bardes, Mayer and Piccolo (2008, p. 185), it is not advisable for an organization to develop a good organizational culture and fail to make it formal. This is because when this culture is made formal all the employees would have the mor al authority to follow it. They will also find it challenging to ignore this culture because it is legally binding. When this culture is made formal, all members of the organization would feel that all actions done in spirit of the culture would yield good results that would be acceptable. It would be very interesting to understand the relationship between formal cultural system and ethics within the organization. To do this, the researcher will try to answer the question below. Is the formal cultural system within a firm the most important favor in creating an ethical workplace? To respond to this question, it would require an analysis into the available literature about this topic. Researchers have conducted various empirical studies in order to determine if formal cultural system within a firm is the most important favor in creating an ethical workplace. Ideas and Assertion about Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics In the above section, the researcher has created a deta iled insight into what a formal cultural system is. It is also clear from the above section that term ethics is defined as behavioral standards that are acceptable within the system. Of interest now would be to determine how formal cultural system would influence ethics within a firm.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Baekdal, Hansen, Todbjerg and Mikkelsen (2006, p. 57), ethics and organizational culture has close relationship. This scholar says that when developing an organizational culture, the management would try to ensure that they set a culture that is conscious of the expected ethics. This scholar says that when developing the culture, the management would first determine all the ethical issues that are relevant within the organization. After determining this, these ethical issues will be intertwined with the culture. This argument is supported by Goolnik (2006, p. 65) who says that when developing an organizational culture, the most important thing that the management has to consider is the relevant ethical issues. When the employees adopt a culture within the organization, it should be that which is within the ethical considerations. Bass (1985, p. 47) gives a new insight into the relationship between formal cultural system and ethics. This scholar says that it is not possi ble to separate ethics from formal cultural practice because cultural practice in itself is expected to be formal. When an organization develops a formal cultural system that is not conscious to ethics, it would be nearly impossible to inculcate ethics within the organization, because these two forces should be modified in a way that they will pull together. In case there is a moment they are allowed to pull in different directions, the one which is considered easier to achieve by employees would be followed. Avolio and Yammarino (2008, p.67) on the other hand, think that the argument given by this scholar is partly true, but lacks some practical insights. These scholars say that it is true that ethics and organizational culture are inter-twined. However, this scholar says that there is no moment that the management would develop a culture that is unethical because they stand to bear the consequence. The scholars also reiterate that it is practically impossible for an organization t o capture all ethical issues in its organizational culture. However, a scholar thinks that the only thing that a firm can do is to develop a system that would show the employees the right path to follow when handling various activities with a leeway of making personal decisions that are considered ethical. This means that the management can only create a culture that offers guideline towards ethical behavior. Ethics may not be easily achieved in the workplace unless the members understand that it is needed to ensure sustainability and development for everyone. Banutu (2004, p. 150) argues McGregor’s Theory Y. He says that employees can be self-motivated to deliver the expected results as long as they are provided with an environment that supports this. To this extend, the best way of promoting ethics within an organization is to create a formal cultural system that will create a good environment for employees to work without direct supervision. When this is realized, employee s will develop a sense of responsibility in whatever activity they are engaged in. This would lead to a need to act ethically when undertaking various assignments. This means that formal cultural system would be creating an environment for employees within a firm to act ethically. Given that the cultural system is formal, they will know that their actions are legally binding and would therefore, feel protected for every ethical decision they make which is in line with the cultural system. This means that employees will not need to make constant referrals to higher authorities when they are subjected to issues that are new to them but within their jurisdiction. The guiding principle would be clear based on the formal cultural system upon which the organization runs. This system would therefore, promote ethical behavior from the perspective that this would bring benefits to the individual and to the organization. Pros and Corns of Using Formal Cultural System to Promote Ethics Accordi ng to Devis (2008, p. 46), formal cultural system will always promote ethics, but this works from McGregor’s Theory X perspective. This scholar says that given opportunity, employees would want to spend a lot of time in leisure because naturally, a human being hates work. This means that when there is no tight system put in place to monitor their activities and behavior, then they will tend to avoid their duties, involve in activities that would give them quick effortless gains such as corruption and other activities that are detrimental to the success of the organization they are working. This scholar also agrees with the fact that when forced to work under direct supervision, employees would always feel a lot of pressure that may lower their final output. This means that management must find a way of making employees deliver good results and work ethically without feeling this pressure. To achieve ethics in this context, Armstrong (2001, p. 45) says that formal cultural sys tem would be beneficial. To this extent, the scholar says that the system should be developed to make employees realize that they have responsibility to be ethical in their actions. However, Anderson (2011, p. 89) warns that this system should not be punitive in nature. The employees should not feel that the system is set to give punishment at the slightest misstep because it would make them work under pressure, and this affects their productivity. The system should make them understand that while in this organization, there is a manner in which every activity in done and any contravention to the laid principles would result into negative consequences to the organization. Being part of the organization, any negative effect to the organization would automatically affect the individual negatively (Wilson 1992, p. 97). This system will be acting as an agent that would deter an unethical act. The moment an individual is faced with the temptation to engage in unethical act, the system wo uld be a constant reminder of both the short term and long-term consequences of such acts. This would be a way of promoting ethics in the workplace, but from the perspective of the possible consequences. Conclusion and Recommendations The above discussion has demonstrated that formal cultural system is the best way through which an organization can ensure that there is ethics at the workplace. One of the best ways of ensuring that employees work ethically within the workplace is to ensure that there is constant supervision from the management. However, in the current competitive world, no organization can afford to hire such a large number of employees whose work will just be supervision. Organizations are growing learner in terms of the number of employees and therefore, every employee would have a specific task other within the firm with a few top management individuals responsible for making policies and supervisory work. Researchers have also confirmed that when employees work u nder direct supervision, their output is reduced. This makes formal cultural system the efficient tool in promoting ethics within an organization. Whether it is taken from the perspective of Theory X or Theory Y, the fact is that this system can help promote ethics at workplace. It is therefore, recommended that leaders use formal cultural system to promote ethics. List of References Anderson, M 2011, Bottom-Line Organization Development: Implementing and Evaluating Strategic Change for Lasting Value, Elsevier, Burlington. Armstrong, S 2001, ‘Are you a â€Å"transformational† coach?’ Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 44-47. Avolio, B Yammarino, F 2008, Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom. Baekdal, T, Hansen, K, Todbjerg L Mikkelsen, H 2006, â€Å"Handle change management projects more effectively† Change Management Handbook, vol. 1, no. 27, p p. 7-57. Banutu, M 2004, ‘Great leaders teach exemplary followership and serve as servant leaders’, Journal of American Academy of Business, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 143-151, via EBSCOhost Library database. Bardes, M, Mayer, D Piccolo, R 2008, ‘Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psycholog, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 180-197, via EBSCOhost Library database. Bass, B 1985, Leadership and performance beyond expectations, Free Press, New York. Basslin, B 1990, Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: theory, research and managerial applications, Free Press, New York. Bird, A 2007, ‘Team structure and success as related to cohesiveness and leadership’, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 217-223, via EBSCOhost Library database. Daft, R 2009, Organization Theory and Design, Cengage Learning, New York. DeAnne, A, Gary, N, Hyde, P Tipping, A 2004, Ten G uiding Principles Of Change Management, Booz Company, New York. Devis, J 2008, Ethics in the Workplace, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Goolnik, G 2006, â€Å"Effective Change Management Strategies for Embedding Online Learning within Higher Education and Enabling the Effective Continuing Professional Development of its Academic Staff†, Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, vol. 7, no. 1, pp 10-78. Kratschmer, P 2011, Organizational Culture is Highly Resistant to Change: Discuss, GRIN Verlag, New York. McCarthy, C Eastman, D 2010, â€Å"Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation,† Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, vol. 1, no. 39, pp 20-41. Sharma, R 2008, Change Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Sirkin, H Keenan, P Jackson, A 2005, â€Å"The Hard Side of Change Management†, Harvard Business Review, vol. 3, no. 4, pp 1-18. Taborda, L 2011, Enterprise Release Management: Agile Delivery o f a Strategic Change Portfolio, Artech House, New York. Wilson, D 1992, A Strategy of Change: Concepts and Controversies in the Management of Change, Cengage Learning, London. This essay on Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics was written and submitted by user Allie Frost to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.